About John Bell
John Stewart Bell - The man who proved Einstein wrong
An extract from 'Ingenious Ireland', Mary Mulvihill, 2002, Dublin. Town House - Copyright of the Mary Mulvihill estate and reproduced here with their kind permission
'The quantum world of paritcle physics is weird. Very weird. So weird, in fact, that even Einstein could not accept it. One of the people instrumental in uncovering that weirdness was a brilliant Belfast scientist John Bell (1928-90). Bell studied science at QUB, but spent most of his working life at CERN, the particle physics laboratory in Geneva. He made many important contributions, often collaborating with his wife Mary Ross, who was also a physicist, but he is best known for an idea he proposed in 1964.
First, a little history. In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen drew attention to a paradox in quantum theory. If twin particles, say for example two particles of light (photons), were to be emitted from a single source, and fly off in opposite directions, the properties of one would still depend on the properties of the other - the are 'entangled'. In the bizarre world of quantum mechanics some of the properties are not concretely realised until they are actually measured - until then they do not have a concrete existence - yet they are still entangled. Measure the properties of one particle, and quantum theory predicts you will instantly know the properties of the other, as if information had passed between them faster than the speed of light. Einstein called this 'spooky action at a distance', and thought it most unlikely.
John Bell proposed a way to explore this apparent paradox, but it was 20 years before physicists, led by Alain Aspect at Orsay in Paris, could attempt the experiment: they created pairs of photons, separated the twins, and sent each flying on its separate way; but when they measured the polarisation of one photon, the instantly knew the polarisation of its twin. This proved that John Bell was right, and Einstein was wrong - the world really is spooky, weird and entangled.
Bell is also known for pioneering work in elementary particle physics where he helped explain (along with two US physicists, Stephen Adler and Roma Jackiw) why a particular sub-atomic particle, a neutral pion, spontaneously explodes into two photons - though the prevailing ideas said this should not happen so quickly. Their explanation uncovered a subtle quantum effect (the Adler-Brll-Jackiw anomaly), which is central to all modern attempts to unify the forces of nature. Bell was awarded many international honours, and had been nominated for a Nobel Prize, but died suddenly of a stroke in 1990.'
Bell, John Stewart
BY PATRICIA M. BYRNE
From the Dictionary of Irish Biography, http://dib.cambridge.org/
Bell, John Stewart (1928–90), physicist, was born 28 July 1928 in Belfast, second child among one daughter and three sons of John Bell and Annie Bell (née Brownlee) of Tate's Avenue, Belfast. Both families were of Scottish protestant extraction. Although his father had left school at 12, his mother saw education as a route to a fulfilling life and encouraged her children. However, means were limited and only John was able to stay at school over 14 years of age. He was educated at Old Ulsterville elementary school and Fane St. secondary school before attending the Belfast Technical College, where an academic curriculum, combined with practical courses, provided a sound basis for his future interests in practical and fundamental aspects of science. His interest in books and science from an early age earned him the nickname ‘the prof.’ at home. At the age of 16 (1944) he began working as a junior laboratory assistant in the physics department of QUB under its professors Karl Emelaus and Robert Sloane. Recognising his ability, they encouraged him to attend first-year lectures. The following year, with money saved from his job and some extra support, he enrolled for a degree course. A scholarship was later awarded and he graduated with a first-class degree in experimental physics (1948), staying on to achieve a second degree in mathematical physics (1949). He was particularly interested in quantum mechanics, and encouraged by the crystallographer Paul Peter Ewald (qv), who taught him in his last year at QUB, he applied for a position at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, near Oxford (1949). There he worked under Klaus Fuchs (later arrested for espionage, 1950) on reactor physics before moving to Malvern to work on accelerator design. Here he met Mary Ross, a member of the design group, and they began a collaboration that lasted his lifetime, marrying in 1954.
In 1951 he was given leave of absence to work with Rudolf Peirls in the department of mathematical physics at Birmingham University, where he developed his version of the CPT theorem of quantum field theory (‘Time reversal in field theory’, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. (1955), A 231, 479–95) for which, with some additional work, he later gained his Ph.D. (1956). Unfortunately, the same theorem was published simultaneously by the renowned physicists Gerhard Lüders and Wolfgang Paulii, who received all the credit. Bell returned (1954) to Harwell to a newly set-up group to study elementary particle physics. Unhappy with the gradually more applied nature of the group's work, he and Mary moved (1960) to the Centre for European Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, where they could both continue pursuing their research interests; she on accelerator design and he on high energy physics, accelerator physics, and what he called his ‘hobby’, quantum measurement theory.
He published around eighty papers in high-energy physics and quantum field theory. In 1964 he published his greatest contribution to quantum theory, ‘On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen paradox’ (Physics, 1, 195–200), what he called his ‘non-locality theory’, which showed the potential for detecting instantaneous communication between sub-atomic particles that are far apart. This deviates from Einstein's relativity theory, where nothing travels faster than the speed of light. Although his paper was at first ignored, it was taken on board by the physics community. The theory was experimentally tested and came to be known as ‘Bell's inequality’ or ‘Bell's theorem’, a proof of quantum theory that reopened to experiment the fundamental basis of physics. Henry Stapp of the Lawrence National Berkeley Laboratory, California, called his result ‘the most profound discovery of science’ (H. Stapp, ‘Are superluminal connections necessary?’, Nuova Cimento (1977), xl B, 191–205). Another of Bell's papers discredited an earlier ‘proof’ by von Neumann of the impossibility of adding hidden variables to the theory of quantum mechanics.
Bell's pioneering work had an enormous influence on subsequent developments in quantum theory, quantum experiments, and quantum technology. A collection of his own views on quantum philosophy was published in Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics (1987) and presented with humorous illustrations. A list of his publications is found in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (1999).
He received many honours in his life, mostly at the latter end of his career; FRS (1972), Reality Foundation Prize (1982), honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1987), the Dirac medal of the Institute of Physics (1988), honorary D.Sc. from QUB (1988) and TCD (1988), the Heinman prize of the American Physical Society, and the Hughes medal of the Royal Society (1989).
Unassuming and modest about his own work, he is remembered for his intellectual precision, integrity, and generosity, as well as a keen Ulster sense of humour. An incisive critic, he could be irritated by those less rigorous in their views of quantum physics than himself. He was a frequent visitor to Belfast, where his family remained. His younger brother David, after studying at night, qualified as an electrical engineer and became a professor at Lambton College, Canada, where he wrote several textbooks.
John Bell died of a stroke at his home 1 October 1990 in Geneva, aged 62. The proceedings of a conference to commemorate his life's work were published in Quantum [Un]speakables from Bell to quantum information (2002). The Institute of Physics, who had described him as one of the top ten physicists of the twentieth century, mounted a plaque commemorating his pioneering work and contribution to science on the old physics building of QUB (2002). According to Andrew Whitaker (1998), biographer of Bell, his work has ‘changed our perception of physical reality and the nature of the universe’.
Biographical encyclopaedia of scientists (1992);
Andrew Whitaker, ‘John Bell and the most profound discovery of science’, Physics World, xi, no. 12 (1998), 29–34;
P. G. Burke and I. C. Percival, ‘John Stewart Bell’, Biographical memoirs of fellows of the Royal Society, xlv (1999), 45, 3–17;
John Bradbury, Celebrated citizens of Belfast (2002), 10–11;
Charles Mollan and Brendan Finucane, Irish innovators in science and technology (2002);
QUB communications office media release, 7 May 2002;
Andrew Whitaker, ‘John Stewart Bell 1928–1990’, Physicists of Ireland (2003) 273–81;
www.history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Bell_John.html (accessed 5 Feb. 2003)